Hate to nitpick, but some of your science is just...wrong. First off supernova's, they don't pack the punch to destroy an entire galaxy...in fact nothing does. You have instances where one galaxy impacts another and this results in a much bigger more disorganized galaxy.
The fate of our sun isn't nearly as violent as you've stated. It and our solar system are more than likely the product of past cosmic events like a supernova and the sun doesn't have the mass to end as a supernova. It's going to expand to a cool red giant and eventually become a white dwarf. I BELIEVE this will include a nebula but my knowledge may be off on that one. I do however know for certain the death of our star will not result in a black hole.
Do I think we'll be around to experience this? Absolutely not. Like other people have stated our survival relies heavily on the stability of nature and there is just too much celestial activity with odds against us that will wipe us out. There are stars close enough to us which can and WILL go supernova before the death of our own sun and this will be something we simply cannot survive through, nothing will.
Supermassive black hole's like the one's found at the center of most galaxies are not proven to be in all galaxies, correct. However stellar blackholes are rather common. Black hole's are one of those things in the universe that we still know very little about. Their affects on the structure of galaxies is not completely known but at great distance they don't really affect our solar system. Gravity is an extremely weak force, billions of times weaker than say electro magnetism. Also yes, the positions of other planets play greatly into the fact that life can exist on earth. The massive gravity of a planet like Jupiter shields us from meteor and comet impacts that could be deadly.As for a black hole, scientist believe their is one at every center of each galaxy, but i don't think that has been proven. If their is who knows it could be lying dormant until it needs more mass to feed off of. If thats true it is most likely we will not survive considering it will disrupte the gravitational pull of all the planets which all plays a vital part for the earth. (correct me if im wrong, but in a respectable manner please!)








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